Among the many Pulitzer Prizes awarded in 2021 was a quotation for an adolescent who modified historical past along with her cellular phone. The Pulitzer committee acknowledged Darnella Frazier “for courageously recording the homicide of George Floyd, a video that spurred protests in opposition to police brutality all over the world, highlighting the essential function of residents in journalists’ quest for reality and justice.”
Frazier’s act of witness acquired unusual recognition, however it exists on a continuum with numerous different visible documentations of injustice leveraged by activists, journalists, and bystanders to demand change. Bearing Witness, In search of Justice: Videography within the Palms of the Individuals, a convention held on MIT’s campus and through livestream Oct. 5–7, delved into the advanced points surrounding the creation and dissemination of those photos. Hosted by MIT Comparative Media Research/Writing (CMS/W) within the College of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences (SHASS), the convention examined video expertise’s histories; its function in defending our rights and civil liberties; its interplay with the press and social media platforms; and its abuses, particularly associated to surveillance and deepfakes.
Sparked by Floyd’s dying and Frazier’s video, the thought for the gathering originated with Ken Manning, the Thomas Meloy Professor of Rhetoric and the Historical past of Science at MIT, and have become the primary proposal to safe help from MIT’s new $1.2 million Racism Analysis Fund. Manning teamed up with Tracie Jones, SHASS’s assistant dean for variety, fairness, and inclusion, to place out a global name for shows. They recruited educator and DEI technologist Samantha Fletcher as venture supervisor and assembled a steering committee of MIT neighborhood members, together with college inside and out of doors CMS/W, an undergraduate pupil, and leaders of the MIT Police.
Why maintain such conversations at MIT? In response to Jones: “A lot of what our college and college students do contributes to innovation that may fight racism, classism, and poverty. Highlighting to the world that MIT cares about these social points is admittedly necessary.”
Fletcher noticed the occasion as a momentum-building alternative. “I used to be very excited in the course of the summer time of 2020 when it wasn’t simply Black individuals who have been marching for Black lives. All totally different races have been popping out, white individuals have been popping out — however numerous that has died down,” she mirrored the week earlier than the convention. Convenings like this one, she stated, “hold consciousness going about these injustices.”
Video proof, then and now
Over the course of the three-day gathering, 9 plenary audio system and greater than 20 different presenters in thematically grouped periods cracked open dialogues on the intersection of video and social justice. A number of audio system provided tip-of-the-iceberg introductions to analysis from their very own current or forthcoming books on these subjects.
Within the opening session, CMS/W professor and movie and media historian Heather Hendershot introduced materials from her e-book “When the Information Broke: Chicago 1968 and the Polarizing of America” (to be revealed in December). When Chicago police met antiwar protestors and journalists with brutality on the streets exterior the 1968 Democratic Nationwide Conference, a big section of the American public was infuriated by what they noticed on their screens — not the violence itself, Hendershot defined, a lot as a perceived overemphasis on that violence by trusted community information shops.
“The fact, from my analysis findings, is that the media underreported police violence in Chicago,” Hendershot stated. Even so, the tumult surrounding the DNC planted the seeds for pervasive accusations of liberal media bias and “pretend information” in at present’s political panorama.
College of Southern California at Annenberg affiliate professor of journalism Allissa Richardson additionally drew connections between historical past and present-day occasions in a chat based mostly on her 2020 e-book, “Bearing Witness Whereas Black: African Individuals, Smartphones and the New Protest #Journalism.” The journalist-activists who’ve documented the Black Lives Matter motion utilizing solely their smartphones and Twitter are constructing, based on Richardson, on a strong “lineage of Black witnessing” that may be traced again via Nineteenth-century Black newspapers and 18th-century slave narratives.
Kelli Moore, an affiliate professor of media, tradition, and communication at New York College, took the rostrum with a “provocation” from her personal e-book, “Authorized Spectatorship: Slavery and the Visible Tradition of Home Violence:” “Is it attainable the democratization and decentralization of the social media expertise we use to proliferate our witnessing participates within the centralization of state management via courtroom energy?” Moore research the photographic and videographic documentation of harm to battered ladies’s our bodies — which regularly stands in for girls’s testimony throughout court docket circumstances — in addition to how synthetic variations of such photos in artwork and media can form public understanding of abuse.
The usage of video proof in courtrooms was a recurring theme in a number of different periods — together with one moderated by Harvard College college member and former NAACP president Cornell William Brooks. Among the many panelists have been College of Cincinnati journalism professor Jeffrey Blevins, who detailed authorized precedent for contemplating bystander filming of police encounters as a First Modification proper, and Sydney Triola, a PhD candidate in info research on the College of Maryland who’s researching the admissibility of “sousveillance” (citizen-made movies) in police misconduct trials. Of greater than 10,000 situations of police brutality in Triola’s dataset, fewer than 200 led to prison costs in opposition to officers, and solely 98 concerned video. However when video proof did exist, her findings-in-progress point out, it was usually admitted.
Moore, Triola, and others additionally questioned what hurt may end up when photos of violence, particularly in opposition to individuals of shade, go viral exterior the courtroom. Social scientist R. Kelly Cameron, one other participant within the panel moderated by Brooks, mentioned the emotional influence he skilled as a Black man in the course of the occasions surrounding Floyd’s dying. He shared one thing his father as soon as informed him: “No man is ever protected from recollections … Regardless of the eye sees will perpetually be ingrained on the thoughts of the person.”
Video and justice all over the world
Bearing Witness, In search of Justice took a distinctly international perspective. Presenters reported on the function of video and social media in actions worldwide: from calls in Haiti to denounce sexual violence (#PaFèSilans) and corruption (#KotKòbPetroCaribeA); to condemnation in India of caste-based assaults (#DalitLivesMatter); to laws difficult police procedures in South Australia (#BanSpitHoods). Different audio system mentioned on-the-spot protection of protests in locations together with Brazil, Hong Kong, Turkey, and Egypt.
A artistic function for video in making social change emerged in one other worldwide panel, titled “The Place of Videography in Future Making: Constructing on Our Pasts.” That includes a number of African students and artists and arranged by MIT professor of science, expertise, and society Chakanetsa Mavhunga, the session requested how Africa’s indigenous myths and applied sciences can be utilized instead of Western vocabularies and values as the premise to think about new realities for the African continent. The panelists have produced digital artwork and movie that extrapolates from conventional crafts akin to grass-weaving and ritual practices akin to “calabashing” (gazing right into a water-filled gourd for scenes of the previous and future). In artists’ arms, video turns into a software for speculative design — as Mavhunga put it, a method of “making what didn’t occur occur, and making what occurred not occur sooner or later.”
After all, the identical digital instruments artists make use of to develop viewers’ imaginations can be utilized to deceive. Nonprofit group WITNESS goals to remain forward of that hazard within the age of deepfakes. Faked movies don’t simply unfold misinformation — their existence undermines genuine footage as properly, stated Sam Gregory, WITNESS’s director of packages, technique, and innovation. For 30 years the group has endeavored to assist individuals use video and expertise to guard and defend human rights. Now one in all its objectives is “proactively fortifying the reality,” Gregory stated, partly via new applied sciences that observe the provenance, enhancing, and sharing of content material. However Gregory additionally warned that the event of such instruments “dangers being weaponized in opposition to weak witnesses.”
A productive forensic impulse
“All of the instruments we’re taking a look at minimize each methods,” concluded William Uricchio within the closing plenary. An MIT professor of comparative media research and founding father of the MIT Open Documentary Lab, Uricchio used his session to discover how the identical “forensic itch” that prompts residents to doc, scrutinize, and name out hidden injustices can lead down a rabbit gap of conspiracy theories. “How can we take that impulse and drive it in a approach that’s productive as a substitute of going off the deep finish?” he requested.
That query is arguably most pressing for the convention’s youngest attendees — delegations of highschool college students from Boston; Hartford, Connecticut; and Washington — who’re coming of age with video cameras of their pockets. The scholars convened for a particular session, joined by PhD candidates Miles George ’22 and Malik George ’22, twin brothers whose entertaining STEM outreach movies have amassed greater than 1.5 million likes on TikTok. Guided by convention supervisor Fletcher, the highschool session challenged the scholars to look at their assumptions about identification and expertise. Fletcher’s objective for the youngsters — certainly, for all convention attendees — was to ship them residence outfitted to proceed the dialog.
“I hope they could be a a part of unpacking all of this,” she stated. “Hopefully that leads them to be extra intentional and cautious with videography, and to make use of it for justice and for good.”
Archived livestreams of most plenary periods can be posted for public viewing. For extra info, go to bearing-witness.mit.edu.
