One thing New: AP Discovery Strategies for 6GHz Wi-Fi – Half 2

Half 2 of the 4-part Wi-Fi 6E Collection

In Half 1 (One thing Outdated) we checked out fundamental adjustments to the bodily layer supplied by wave 1 of 801.11ax, how these adjustments can have an effect on efficiency, and the way OFDMA allows the optimum use of the 6GHz spectrum. On this second article, we’ll discover “one thing new:” the challenges of discovery in 6GHz, new strategies used for fixing this, and the way these new strategies open 6GHz for a lot of totally different use instances.

Is There Anyone Out There?

In earlier generations, Wi-Fi shoppers would scan channels and ship unsolicited probe requests to find entry factors (APs). Scanning channels could be a well timed course of as beacons are solely broadcast each 1024us so the consumer should dwell lengthy sufficient to detect the beacon.  At 6GHz that is 1024us x 59 channels (there are 59 20MHz channels within the new 6GHz spectrum) which is over 6 seconds.  For the consumer, this loss in time represents a disruption in communication. Creating insupportable latency in voice and misplaced alternative to lots of of megabytes of information each time the consumer decides to scan. Moreover, the earlier course of could be to ship unsolicited probe requests (wildcard requests) to see how APs would reply. Now, bear in mind, that is all a contention-based medium, so these probe requests and responses on each channel for each consumer create a major quantity of interference and on the very least, inefficient use of the spectrum.

Over time the IEEE has launched measures to handle these roaming challenges. 802.11k was launched to supply shoppers with an inventory of neighboring APs, 802.11v was launched to supply a really helpful AP candidate, and 802.11r was launched to scale back the roaming time for 802.1x shoppers. Not all shoppers and infrastructure help these measures so whereas they helped, they didn’t remove the necessity for shoppers to ship unsolicited probes.

Whereas these IEEE updates are nonetheless obtainable for 6GHz, the technique for AP discovery basically adjustments. To begin with, unsolicited probe requests are now not allowed (with one restricted exception we’ll focus on shortly).

Three New Strategies to Enhance AP Discovery

Since we’ve got already established scanning channels at 6GHz is just not allowed, there are three new strategies launched in Wi-Fi 6E for locating AP candidates.

The first technique (and the one which shoppers usually reply to finest) is known as Decreased Neighbor Report (RNR). Since most, if not all, shoppers can have legacy band functionality, there’s an Data Ingredient (IE) embedded within the legacy band beacons that record the 6GHz SSID(s) which can be obtainable on the serving AP. The consumer first scans the 5GHz or 2.4GHz channels and appears for this RNR aspect.  The RNR report accommodates details about the 6GHz channel, SSID, BSSID, a bit of knowledge on the AP, and the allowed energy ranges (Energy Spectral Density). This successfully makes the two.4GHz and 5GHz channels a management channel for the 6GHz.  Purchasers can then ship a directed probe request to these channels which can be realized within the RNR to find out which 6GHz AP to affix.  You will need to word there might be a number of 6GHz SSIDs included within the RNR and they don’t have to match the legacy SSIDs.

The data contained in an RNR is similar to the data supplied within the beforehand launched 802.11v [1]motion body. The RNR beneath is from a 5GHz beacon and is promoting two SSIDs on the 6GHz channel quantity 5.  The legacy 802.11v motion report beneath reveals comparable data to the RNR however the elementary distinction is twofold:

• That is an motion body not a part of the beacon just like the RNR. It’s a request-response sort transaction. An RNR is broadcast within the legacy band beacons.
• The data within the 802.11v motion body accommodates details about different APs on the identical frequency band. The RNR solely lists SSIDs broadcasted from the 6GHz band (totally different frequency band) as this identical AP.

What if the AP is barely broadcasting 6GHz? That is an unlikely situation, however nonetheless a possible one.  First, scanning might be lowered by limiting the variety of channels to be scanned.  That is known as Most popular Scanning Channels (PSC). The PSCs are the first channels (20MHz subchannel) of the 80MHz channels.  This works properly since 80MHz will typically be the popular bandwidth to function for causes beforehand mentioned partially 1 of this weblog collection.  If nevertheless, decrease bandwidth channels are used with out RNR or extra help from the strategies beneath, it could be very straightforward for a consumer to overlook this channel which needs to be a consideration when utilizing PSC with narrower band channels.

There are two mutually unique choices to additional improve the AP discovery by which the AP will broadcast messages an extra 4 occasions between the beacons or about each 20ms (configurable from 5ms to 25ms). The primary technique is known as Quick Preliminary Hyperlink Setup (FILS) and is predicated on a earlier commonplace of 802.11ai.  It is a very light-weight message (someplace round 100 bytes as in comparison with a beacon which is 500+ bytes).  The second technique is known as “Broadcast Probe Response” or “Unsolicited Probe Response” (UPR).  Like FILS, this commercial will probably be broadcast at a better fee than the beacon.  Nonetheless, the UPR broadcasts all the things within the probe response so whereas it provides the consumer with extra data, it’s a bit heavier within the quantity of information transmitted repeatedly.

Teamwork Makes the Discovery Dream Work

So how do these 4 strategies work collectively? First, if there are legacy band SSIDs transmitted on the AP the expectation is that the RNR will do the work of discovering the 6GHz channel, and no different technique is required.  Within the case the place solely 6GHz is broadcast from the AP the most definitely state of affairs could be the usage of PSC with both FILS or UPR.  Discover UPR and FILS are unique choices, you may solely use one or the opposite. Early testing of consumer units has seen some points with 6GHz standalone APs not being found with solely PSC and it’s wanted to have FILS (or UPR) enabled to help a consumer in discovering the AP.  This may occasionally change over time however for the early implementations, deploying 6GHz with solely 80MHz channels and PSC enabled is an effective choice.  This permits the first channel to match the PSC channels. As well as, enabling FILS can present additional help for discovery with minimal influence on efficiency.

In Half 3 “One thing Borrowed” we’re going to take a deeper look into the channel construction of 6 GHz, what it has in frequent with legacy bands, what has modified, and what to be careful for.

[1] 802.11v which was outdated by the roll up of 802.11-2012

[2] IEEE P802.11ax™/D8.0 pp 26.17.2.3.3

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