Not too long ago, electrocatalytic reactions involving oxygen, nitrogen, water, and carbon dioxide have been developed to substitute standard chemical processes, with the purpose of manufacturing clear vitality, fuels and chemical substances. A deepened understanding of catalyst constructions, lively websites and response mechanisms performs a important position in bettering the efficiency of those reactions. To this finish, in situ/operando characterisations can be utilized to visualise the dynamic evolution of nanoscale supplies and response intermediates below electrolysis situations, thus enhancing our understanding of heterogeneous electrocatalytic reactions. On this assessment, we summarise the state-of-the-art in situ characterisation strategies utilized in electrocatalysis. We categorise them into three sections based mostly on totally different working rules: microscopy, spectroscopy, and different characterisation strategies. The capacities and limits of the in situ characterisation strategies are mentioned in every part to focus on the present-day horizons and information additional advances within the area, primarily aiming on the customers of those strategies. Lastly, we take a look at challenges and doable methods for additional improvement of in situ strategies.
