CBSE Class 12 Economics Solved Query Paper 2020 – Set 4 (58/4/3)

Economics (Code No. 58/4/3) 

Time allowed : 3 hours
Most Marks: 80

Normal Directions: 

Learn the next directions very rigorously and strictly observe them : 

(i) This query paper includes two sections – A and B. All questions are obligatory. 

(ii) Query numbers 1 – 10 and 18 – 27 are very short-answer questions carrying 1 mark every. They’re required to be answered in a single phrase or one sentence every.  

(iii) Query numbers 11 – 12 and 28 – 29 are short-answer questions carrying 3 marks every. Solutions to them mustn’t usually exceed  60 – 80 phrases every. 

(iv) Query numbers 13 – 15 and 30 – 32 are additionally short-answer questions carrying 4 marks every. Solutions to them mustn’t usually exceed  80 – 100 phrases every.  

(v) Query numbers 16 – 17 and 33 – 34 are lengthy reply questions carrying 6 marks every. Solutions to them mustn’t usually exceed  100 – 150 phrases every.  

(vi) Solutions ought to be temporary and to the purpose. Additionally the above phrase restrict be adhered to so far as doable.  

(vii) There isn’t any general alternative. Nevertheless, an inside alternative has been supplied in 2 questions of 1 mark, 2 questions of three marks, 2 questions of 4 marks and a couple of questions of six marks. Solely one of many decisions in such questions need to be tried.  

(viii) Along with this, separate directions are given with every part and query, wherever needed.

Part – A
(Macroeconomics)

1. If the worth of Common Propensity to Save (APS) is 0.2 and Nationwide Revenue is ₹4,000 crore, then consumption will likely be ______. (Select the right various.) 

(a) ₹4,000 crores

(b) ₹3,200 crores 

(c) ₹3,800 crores

(d) ₹2,600 crores

Reply: (b) ₹3,200 Crores

Rationalization: APC + APS = 1

APC = 1 – APS

APC = 1 – 0.2

APC = 0.8

APC x C = Consumption (C)

Consumption (C) = 0.8 x 4,000

Consumption (C) = ₹3,200 Crores

2. Loans supplied by business banks ______ (enhance/lower) the cash provide within the economic system. (Refill the clean with the right various.) 

Reply: enhance

3. State, whether or not the given assertion is true or false : 

‘Sudden obsolescence is a part of depreciation.’ 

Reply: False

Sudden Obsolescence is the lack of worth of mounted belongings of an organisation, which isn’t anticipated by the purchaser and happen due to pure calamities like floods, earthquakes, twister, and so on., It isn’t included in depreciation as a result of the lack of worth of mounted belongings because of surprising elements is a capital loss.

4. Two parts of cash provide are _____ and _____. (Refill the clean with the right reply). 

Reply: 

1. Demand deposits with the banks akin to financial savings and present account.
2. Time deposit with the financial institution akin to Mounted deposit and recurring deposit.

OR 

The principle purpose of financial coverage is _____. (Select the right various) 

(a) to convey worth stability within the economic system. 

(b) employment technology within the nation. 

(c) to extend commerce surplus. 

(d) to generate higher tax income.

Reply: (a) to convey worth stability within the economic system

5. The sum of issue funds is the same as _______. (Select the right various.) 

(a) Home Revenue 

(b) Nationwide Revenue 

(c) Per Capita Actual Revenue 

(d) Per Capita Nominal Revenue. 

Reply: (b) Nationwide Revenue

6. ₹2,000 be aware mendacity in pockets of Rohini, a pupil is an instance of ______ (inventory/move) variable. (Refill the clean with the right various.) 

Reply: Inventory

When a variable is measured at a selected level of time, it is called inventory. The products which might be consumed over a time period, that don’t put on out instantly, or intermediate items which don’t change over time or could be measured at a given level of time are known as shares. 

7. State, whether or not the given assertion is true or false : 

‘Expenditure on Ujjwala Yojana launched by the Authorities is an instance of capital expenditure.’ 

Reply: False. Expenditure on Ujjwala Yojana launched by the Authorities is an instance of income expenditure because it neither creates any asset nor causes any discount within the authorities’s legal responsibility.

8. Outline intermediate consumption. 

Reply: The usage of intermediate items throughout the manufacturing course of to create the ultimate product is termed Intermediate Consumption.

9. Give anybody instance of ‘debt creating capital receipts’ within the Authorities Price range. 

Reply: Borrowings from RBI

10. Outline unplanned inventories (inventory).

Reply: A change in inventories or inventory that has incurred unexpectedly is called unplanned inventory or inventories. Merely put, it’s a scenario during which due to an surprising fall in gross sales, the agency may have unsold items mendacity round which has not been anticipated.

11. Calculate Web Worth Added at Issue Price (NVA_FC) from the next knowledge :

 

Reply: Worth-added refers back to the addition within the worth of a uncooked materials or intermediate good by a company, throughout the manufacturing course of. 

To find out NVA_FC, to begin with, now we have to find out Worth Added or GVA_MP.

Worth Added = Worth of Output – Intermediate Consumption 

Worth Added = 800 – 200

Worth Added (GVA_MP) = 600

Now, 

NVA_FC = Worth Added – Depreciation – Web Oblique Tax (Oblique Tax – Subsidies)

= 600 – 20 – [30 – 50]

= 600 – 20 + 20

NVA_FC = ₹600 Crores

OR 

State the three parts of Revenue from Property and Entrepreneurship. 

Reply: Revenue from Property and Entrepreneurship or Working Surplus is one other time period utilized in issue funds. It’s the sum whole of revenue from property and revenue from entrepreneurship. Working Surplus arises in each authorities and personal enterprises, however doesn’t come up within the normal authorities sector as on this sector it really works with the motive of social welfare. These parts are utilized in figuring out nationwide revenue by way of Revenue Methodology.

The three parts of ‘Revenue from Property and Entrepreneurship’ are as follows:

• Lease/Royalties
• Curiosity
• Revenue

12. “Administration of a water polluting oil refinery says that it (oil refinery) ensures welfare by way of its contribution to Gross Home Product.” 

Defend or refute the argument of administration with respect to GDP as a welfare measure of the economic system. 

Reply: The given assertion, “Administration of a water polluting oil refinery says that it (oil refinery) ensures welfare by way of its contribution to Gross Home Product.” is refuted as a result of GDP just isn’t measure of welfare because it doesn’t take into account the impression of externalities. Externalities imply any profit or hurt of an exercise that’s brought on by a person or a company for which they don’t seem to be paid or penalised.

Because the oil refineries could pollute the close by supply of water, they don’t seem to be penalised for the dangerous impact brought on by them on folks and marine life. Therefore, these unfavourable externalities don’t make sure the welfare of the economic system by way of Gross Home Product.

13. Outline efficient demand. Talk about how efficient demand could be restored if ex-ante saving is lower than ex-ante funding. 

Reply: Efficient Demand is that degree of output the place the Combination Demand of the commodities is the same as the Combination Provide.

When ex-ante saving is lower than ex-ante funding, it signifies that the patrons are planning to purchase greater than what the producers are planning to supply, leading to a scarcity of inventories with the producers. Now, to revive the efficient demand; i.e., to convey again the specified degree of stock, the producers will develop their manufacturing and can proceed this process till the 2 forces change into equal.

14. Elaborate the target of ‘allocation of assets’ within the Authorities Price range. 

Reply: Authorities Price range is a press release of anticipated receipts and anticipated expenditures of the Authorities (for the approaching fiscal 12 months) that reveals the budgetary coverage of the Authorities to attain the dual goal of development and stability. The monetary/fiscal 12 months is taken from 1st April to thirty first March. One of many main aims of the Authorities Price range is the Allocation of Sources.

Allocation of Sources refers back to the course of assets from one use to the opposite. In India, the private and non-private sectors play an important position within the economic system. Nevertheless, Non-public enterprises all the time purpose at maximising income by allocating assets to these areas of manufacturing the place they will earn increased returns. There are probabilities that an business like alcohol could not promote the welfare of individuals. The Authorities of a rustic directs the distribution of assets by way of its assets with the intention to strike a steadiness between the objectives of revenue maximization and social welfare. For instance, there’s the manufacturing of each needed and luxurious items. Moreover, the Authorities can affect the allocation of assets by way of:

• Tax Concessions or Subsidies: Authorities encourages and discourages funding in helpful and dangerous items respectively by offering concessions, subsidies, imposing heavy taxes, and so on., on their manufacturing. For instance, Authorities imposes heavy taxes on producing items which might be dangerous to well being, like ‘cigarettes’. Equally, Authorities supplies subsidies for the manufacturing of products like ‘khadi’, that are useful to society. 
• Immediately Producing Items and Companies: If the non-public sector doesn’t take the initiative in sure non-profitable financial actions, the Authorities straight controls them, like water provide, sanitation, and so on. Additionally it is often known as the allocation perform because the Authorities makes an attempt to offer sure items and companies which can’t be supplied by way of the market mechanism.

15. Clarify the perform of Central Financial institution as ‘Banker, Agent and Advisor’ of the Authorities. 

Reply: A central financial institution is a monetary establishment that’s chargeable for managing a rustic’s financial coverage and overseeing the banking system. It acts as the principle regulator of the cash provide and rates of interest and performs a key position in selling financial stability and development. Central banks are usually unbiased of the federal government and have particular powers and obligations granted by regulation. One of many main capabilities of the Central Financial institution is that it acts as a Banker, Agent, and Advisor to the Authorities.

The Reserve Financial institution of India (Central Financial institution) acts as an agent, banker, and monetary advisor to the Central Authorities and all of the State Governments. As a banker, the Central financial institution carries out each banking enterprise of the federal government, akin to:

• To maintain the money balances of the Central and State Governments, the Central Financial institution maintains a present account.
• It accepts receipts and makes funds for the federal government and likewise carries out change, remittance, and different banking operations of the Central and State Governments.
• Finally, it offers loans and advances to the federal government for momentary intervals. The federal government sells its treasury payments to the Central Financial institution with the intention to borrow cash.

As an agent, the Reserve Financial institution of India (Central Financial institution) is chargeable for the administration of public debt.

As a monetary advisor, it offers recommendation to the federal government occasionally on monetary, financial, and financial issues.

OR 

Elaborate, how does a Central Financial institution stabilize cash provide by way of ‘Financial institution Charge’. 

Reply: A central financial institution is a monetary establishment that’s chargeable for managing a rustic’s financial coverage and overseeing the banking system. It acts as the principle regulator of the cash provide and rates of interest and performs a key position in selling financial stability and development. Central banks are usually unbiased of the federal government and have particular powers and obligations granted by regulation.

Financial institution Charge is the speed at which a rustic’s central financial institution (in case of India, RBI) lends cash to business banks to satisfy their long-term monetary wants. Financial institution Charge has the identical impact on credit score as that of Repo Charge. To stabilize the cash provide within the economic system, the Central Financial institution will increase the financial institution fee, which forces business banks to extend their lending charges. As soon as the lending charges are elevated, it makes borrowings costlier for most people. 

Therefore, the Central Financial institution will increase financial institution fee to discourage most people from taking loans from business banks, which consequently prohibit the cash provide within the economic system.

16. (a) Given the next data, state whether or not the economic system is in equilibrium or not:

 

Reply: An economic system is in equilibrium when the Combination Demand is the same as the Combination Provide; i.e., AD = AS(Y).

Within the given query, MPC = 0.8, Y = ₹4,000 Crores, and Autonomous Consumption = ₹700 Crores

AD = 700 + 0.8 (4,000)

AD = 700 + 3,200

AD = ₹3,900 Crores

AD = ₹3,900 and AS = ₹4,000. 

The economic system within the given query just isn’t in equilibrium as a result of right here AD < AS.

(b) Reply the next questions primarily based on the determine given beneath:

 

(i) At which degree of revenue Common Propensity to Save (APS) will likely be equal to zero & why?
(ii) What does ‘OA’ signify with respect to consumption perform?

Reply:  

i) Common Propensity to Save (APS) is the ratio of financial savings to the corresponding revenue degree at a degree of time.

APS will likely be zero on the break-even level; i.e., at level B. On the break-even level, Consumption (C) = Revenue (Y), or Financial savings (S) = 0.

ii) OA signifies Autonomous Consumption with respect to the consumption curve. 

Autonomous Consumption is the minimal consumption degree required for survival. Merely put, it’s consumption at zero degree of nationwide revenue. A person meets this consumption degree both from previous financial savings or by promoting belongings or by way of borrowings. Autonomous Consumption is denoted by .

For Visually Impaired Candidates solely : 

(b) (i) Outline consumption perform. 

(ii) What’s the significance of dis-savings?

Reply: 

b) i) The practical relationship between consumption and nationwide revenue is called Consumption Perform. It represents the willingness of households to buy items and companies at a given revenue degree throughout a given time period. It’s represented as:

C = f(Y)

The place, C = Consumption, Y = Nationwide Revenue, and f = Useful Relationship

The consumption perform is a psychological idea that reveals consumption ranges at completely different revenue ranges in an economic system. Moreover, it’s influenced by subjective elements like shopper habits, preferences, and so on. 

ii)  Dis-savings is a scenario when Consumption (C) is greater than Revenue (Y). This example signifies that the spending executed for the fundamental wants (needed for one’s survival) is financed by borrowings and previous financial savings. 

17. State, giving legitimate causes whether or not the next statements are true or false : 

(i) Commerce deficit is all the time a terrific reason behind fear for an economic system. 

(ii) Depreciation of forex has similar impact on exports as devaluation of forex. 

(iii) ‘Indians investing in belongings overseas’ will likely be recorded underneath debit facet of capital account in Stability of Funds. 

Reply:

i) False. 

Commerce deficit is a scenario when the imports of products are greater than the exports of products. Although the Stability of Commerce is unfavourable for the nation, it’s not all the time a terrific reason behind fear for an economic system. It’s as a result of commerce deficit displays a rise in funding which builds the capital inventory which is able to finally enhance the longer term output in an economic system.

ii) True. 

Foreign money Depreciation means a lower within the worth of home forex by way of overseas forex. Devaluation of forex means a discount within the worth of home forex by way of all foreign currency echange underneath the mounted change fee regime. Depreciation and devaluation each have the identical impact on exports as each of them usually encourages exports from a rustic as they change into cheaper for overseas nationals they usually can now purchase extra home items with the overseas forex.

iii) True. 

Capital Account includes all of the transactions, which has a direct or oblique impression on the belongings and liabilities of the nation or authorities with regard to the skin world. When Indians spend money on belongings overseas it would lead to outflow of overseas forex; therefore, it is going to be recorded underneath the debit facet of capital account in Stability of Cost.

OR

(a) Clarify, what could be the doubtless impression of depreciation of the house forex on imports to the nation. 

(b) Distinguish between Present Account Deficit (CAD) and Present Account Surplus (CAS). 

Reply:

a) Foreign money Depreciation means a lower within the worth of a home forex by way of overseas forex. For instance, if the value of $1 rises from ₹60 to ₹64, then it may be stated that there’s a depreciation of the Indian forex. The principle elements contributing to forex depreciation are straightforward financial coverage and extreme inflation. It can be brought on by political instability. Because of uncertainty within the home nation, buyers worry investing within the home nation. For instance, As a result of conflict between Russia and Ukraine, buyers worry investing within the nation due to instability within the economic system. Moreover, if the nation imports giant quantities of merchandise, then there will likely be a commerce imbalance, which is able to result in forex depreciation.

Influence of depreciation of residence forex on imports to the nation:

Foreign money depreciation means a fall within the worth of home forex (₹) compared to foreign currency echange ($). For instance, earlier folks can get items value ₹60 from a unit of the greenback, however now they will get items value ₹64 from 1$. It signifies that they’ve to offer more cash by way of rupees to get items from a overseas nation, leading to losses for importers. Due to this fact, imports of the economic system could are inclined to fall.  

b) Present Account Deficit (CAD): A scenario when the present account’s receipts are lower than its funds is called Present Account Deficit. Merely put, this case arises when the worth of exports of products and companies is lower than the worth of imports of products and companies. 

Present Account Surplus (CAS): A scenario when the present account’s receipts are greater than its funds is called Present Account Surplus. Merely put, this case arises when the worth of exports of products and companies is greater than the worth of imports of products and companies.

(The products and companies right here encompass seen objects, invisible objects, and unilateral transfers.)

Distinction between Present Account Deficit and Present Account Surplus:

Part – B
a(Indian Financial Growth)

18. Outline blended economic system. 

Reply: A Blended Financial system system is a mixture of each capitalist and socialist financial techniques. It incorporates the advantages of each techniques and avoids their drawbacks. In a blended economic system, each the private and non-private sector coexists, and the non-public & public sector collaborates to attain social aims inside an financial framework. India is the most important instance of a blended economic system.

19. World Commerce Organisation (WTO) was established in 1995, as a successor organisation to _______. (Refill the clean with the right reply) 

Reply: GATT (Normal Settlement on Commerce and Tariff)

20. Nice Proletarian Cultural Revolution was launched underneath the management of _______. (Select the right various) 

(a) Mao Zedong 

(b) J.L. Nehru 

(c) M.Ok. Gandhi 

(d) M.A. Jinnah 

Reply: (a) Mao Zedong 

21. Outline disguised unemployment.

Reply: A scenario during which the variety of workers/staff engaged in a piece is greater than the precise requirement is called disguised unemployment. One other identify for disguised unemployment is Hidden Unemployment. For instance, if solely 4 staff are required on a bit of land however 7 staff are engaged on that land, then 3 staff are disguised unemployed.

22. _______ coverage adopted in first seven 5 12 months plans of India, geared toward substituting imports with home manufacturing. (Refill the clean with the right reply) 

Reply: Import Substitution

23. Up to now few many years _________ (major/secondary/tertiary) sector has created most jobs alternatives in India. (Refill the clean with the right various) 

Reply: tertiary

24. The principle purpose of ‘Nice Leap Ahead’ (GLF) was to make sure fast enhance of _______ in China. (Select the right various) 

(a) agriculture 

(b) industries 

(c) companies 

(d) exports 

Reply: (b) industries

25. Which of the next is NOT a advantage of natural farming? (Select the right various.) 

(a) Cheaper inputs 

(b) Enticing returns on funding 

(c) Higher import potentialities 

(d) Greater dietary worth 

Reply: (c) Higher import potentialities 

26. State whether or not the next assertion is true or false : 

“World Financial institution is often known as Worldwide Financial institution for Registration and Delimitation (IBRD).”

Reply: False. 

World Financial institution is often known as Worldwide Financial institution for Reconstruction and Growth (IBRD).

OR 

Outline Marketed Surplus.

Reply: Marketed Surplus is that portion of the agricultural produce which is bought by the farmers available in the market. Merely put, it’s the distinction between the overall output produced by the farmers and their self-consumption from that output. 

Marketed Surplus = Whole farm output produced by a farmer – Personal Consumption of farm output

27. Introduction of Financial Reforms in China happened within the 12 months _________. (Select the right various.) 

(a) 1978 

(b) 1980 

(c) 1988 

(d) 1991 

Reply: (a) 1978

28. “Speedy enhance in financial development certainly trickles all the way down to the folks underneath the completely poor class.” 

Defend or refute the given assertion with legitimate argument. 

Reply: A poor individual is a person who lives a troublesome life as he’s not capable of afford the requirements of life, which morally degrade him. He’s incapable of appearing like a human being. He feels demoralized by how society treats him. 

The given assertion, ‘‘Speedy enhance in financial development certainly trickles all the way down to the folks underneath the completely poor class.’’ is refuted due to the next causes:

• The expansion in inhabitants has resulted in a really low development within the per capita revenue of the nation.
• Additionally, the inexperienced revolution has elevated the regional disparity and the hole between poor and wealthy farmers.
• Finally, the wealthy have grabbed the advantages of financial development.

OR 

“Human Capital Formation offers start to innovation, invention and technological enhancements.” Do you agree with the given assertion? Help your reply with legitimate arguments. 

Reply: Human Capital Formation is the method of addition made to the inventory of expert and succesful folks within the nation over a time interval. Sure, the given assertion “Human Capital Formation offers start to innovation, invention and technological enhancements” is right as this course of not solely will increase productiveness of the obtainable human useful resource but additionally helps in stimulating innovation amongst them, which finally helps in creating the flexibility to undertake new applied sciences. 

Merely put, by making funding in training, one can create the flexibility to undertake new applied sciences, and facilitate invention and innovation. It’s as a result of educated human useful resource normally transfer in direction of trendy applied sciences and innovation.

29. Evaluate and analyse the given knowledge of India and China, with legitimate causes : 

 

Reply: The given desk associated to the information of India and China reveals the next points about its inhabitants development and intercourse ratio:

1. The annual development fee of the inhabitants in China is much less (0.5%) than the expansion fee in India (1.2%) due to the “One Little one Coverage” in China. India too wished to unfold consciousness amongst folks associated to household planning measures, however the reducing fee of inhabitants is China is greater than the reducing fee in India.
2. The variety of females per 1000 males in India is much less (929) than the variety of females per 1000 males in China (941). It’s as a result of in India folks desire a son (male) as their little one as an alternative of a daughter (feminine). 

30. Talk about briefly any two salient options of India’s pre-independence occupational construction. 

Reply: Distributing working folks throughout major, secondary, and tertiary sectors of the economic system is called Occupational Construction. The first sector consists of manufacturing models that exploit pure assets like water, land, and so on. For instance, mining, fishing, forestry, and so on. The secondary sector consists of manufacturing models that rework one good into one other good. For instance, building firms, energy technology firms, and so on. The tertiary or service sector consists of manufacturing models which might be engaged in producing companies. For instance, finance, training, transport, and so on.

The salient options of the occupational construction of India on the eve of Independence are as follows:

1. Predominance of Main Occupation: Largest share of the workforce; i.e., 70-75% have been discovered within the agricultural sector. Nevertheless, the manufacturing and repair sector accounted for 10% and 15-20% respectively.
2. Regional Variation: On the eve of independence, regional variation was rising. There was a decline within the dependence of the workforce on the agricultural sector within the states of Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala, West Bengal, and Maharashtra. Nevertheless, the rise within the manufacturing and repair sectors in these states was good. Additionally, throughout the identical time, the share of the workforce within the agricultural sector within the states of Orissa, Punjab, and Rajasthan elevated.

OR

Talk about briefly the rationale behind selecting ‘Self-reliance’ as a planning goal for the Indian economic system. 

Reply: The planning fee proposed that India ought to formulate a plan for a interval of 5 years for its growth and financial development, often known as the 5 12 months Plan. Until now, twelve five-year plans have been accomplished in India. Beneath the affect of then Prime Minister Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru, India established its first five-year plan impressed by the Soviet Union. The essential objectives behind the 5 12 months Plan are development, modernisation, self-reliance, and fairness.

Self-reliance means something that India is able to manufacturing domestically is not going to be imported, particularly meals and agricultural merchandise. In nutshell, Self-reliance means growth by way of home assets. The key aims of selecting Self-reliance as a planning goal for the Indian economic system are as follows:

• To cut back Overseas Dependence: As India lately bought freedom from overseas management, it was needed for India to change into unbiased or self-reliant and cut back its dependency on overseas nations, particularly for meals or agricultural objects.
• To keep away from Overseas Interference: The federal government of India was afraid that dependency on overseas nations for meals provides, capital, & expertise could enhance overseas interference within the financial insurance policies of the nation.

31. “Some economists imagine that the financial reforms have adversely affected the agriculture sector in India.” 

Do you agree with the given assertion? Justify your reply with legitimate motive. 

Reply: The financial situation of India in 1991 was pathetic. The federal government was unable to generate revenues from the sources like taxation. The revenue from public enterprises was additionally low. Nevertheless, the federal government has to spend extra on numerous points like unemployment, overpopulation, and poverty, which will increase the necessity to introduce financial reforms in India. Financial Reforms are the set of financial insurance policies that goals to speed up the tempo of development and growth within the economic system.  

The given assertion is true. The Financial Reform course of has adversely affected the agriculture sector within the following methods:

1. Discount of Public Funding: There was a decline in public funding within the agriculture sector involving irrigation, energy, market ties, roads, analysis, and development.
2. Liberalisation and Discount in Import Duties: There have been a number of coverage adjustments influencing this sector, which embrace (a) decreasing of import taxes on agricultural items (b) Elimination of minimal and truthful assist costs (c) eradicating quantitative constraints on agricultural merchandise. Because of rising worldwide competitors, all of those insurance policies had a unfavourable impression on Indian farmers.
3. Elimination of Subsidy: Lifting of fertilizer subsidies elevated manufacturing prices, which adversely impacted the small and marginal farmers.
4. Shift in direction of Money Crops: Agricultural manufacturing has switched from meals crops to export crops on account of export-oriented coverage measures.

32. (a) State the names of six Indian Techniques of Medication (ISM) underneath the AYUSH scheme of the Authorities of India.  

(b) Identify any two non-conventional sources of vitality.

Reply: 

a) AYUSH scheme is India’s well-developed various healthcare system. At current, there are 27,951 AYUSH dispensaries, 4,095 hospitals and round 8 lakh registered practitioners in India. The six Indian Techniques of Medication (ISM) underneath the AYUSH scheme of the Authorities of India embrace Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha, Naturopathy, and Homeopathy. 

b) The sources of vitality which have come into use solely lately are often known as non-conventional sources of vitality. These sources of vitality are renewable and eco-friendly. Two non-conventional sources of vitality are wind vitality and geo-thermal vitality.

33. What is supposed by sustainable growth? Talk about briefly any two methods of sustainable growth.

Reply: The event course of that helps in assembly the wants of current technology with out compromising the flexibility of future generations to satisfy their wants is called Sustainable Growth. The essential objective behind sustainable growth is to make sure that for the longer term technology, the current technology ought to go away inventory of high quality of life. The origin of time period ‘Sustainable Growth’ is within the Worldwide Union for the Conservation of Pure Sources (IUCN) 1980 World Fee Technique report.

Methods for Sustainable Growth

To attain sustainable growth it’s important to undertake the next methods:

1. Use Cleaner Fuels: In City areas, the usage of CNG as gas is being promoted. The usage of CNG (Compressed Pure Fuel) in Delhi has proven a major discount in air air pollution. In Rural areas, typically, cow dung muffins, wooden or different biomass is getting used as gas which adversely impacts the surroundings and leads to deforestation, discount in inexperienced cowl, and so on. To achieve sustainability in rural areas, the usage of LPG and Gobar Fuel as gas is being promoted as these are cleaner fuels than wooden or cow dung muffins and likewise assist in the discount of family air pollution to a big extent.
2. Use of Non-conventional Sources of Vitality: To fulfill its energy wants, India relies upon totally on thermal and hydropower vegetation. Nevertheless, these vegetation have an enormous hostile impression on the surroundings. Due to this fact, to cut back the dangerous impression on the surroundings, non-conventional sources like wind energy and photo voltaic rays are steered as these two vitality sources are cleaner and greener. Nevertheless, due to the shortage of technological gadgets, these sources should not but explored on a big scale. Moreover, within the areas the place there’s high-speed wind, windmills can be utilized to offer electrical energy as they don’t have any hostile impression on the surroundings.

34. (a) Outline worker-population ratio. What does it signifies? 

(b) Analyse the developments in sectoral distribution of labor pressure in India on the idea of knowledge:

 

Reply:

a) Employee-population Ratio is the ratio of whole variety of staff to the overall inhabitants and is usually expressed by way of proportion. The components for calculating the worker-population ratio is:

Significance: The worker-population ratio signifies that a part of a inhabitants which has a lively contribution within the manufacturing of products and companies of a rustic.

b) With the given details about the developments in employment patterns, it may be concluded that the proportion of workforce in India within the major sector is quickly reducing from 74.3% (in 1972-73) to 48.9% (in 2011-12). Nevertheless, the employment share of each secondary and repair sectors has elevated by roughly 13.4% (within the final 40 years) and 12% (within the final 40 years), respectively. 

OR 

(a) “The Prime Minister urged to extend the agricultural revenue by rising non-farm actions.” 

Clarify how non-farm actions can result in rise in revenue of individuals in rural sector. 

(b) “Indian well being system wants the elevated dose of public expenditure to remedy itself.” 

Defend or refute the given assertion with legitimate arguments. 

Reply:

a) Non-farm actions like poultry, craft, animal husbandry, handloom, dairying, and so on., are other ways of accomplishing sustainable livelihood and elevating the revenue degree. The revenue degree is raised due to the much less probabilities of danger confronted by farmers in farm actions due to fluctuations in manufacturing and market costs. 

Moreover, in India, agriculture is principally a seasonal occupation and throughout the low season, the farmers discover it troublesome to seek out different employment alternatives and stabilise their revenue. Due to this fact, the Prime Minister has urged to extend rural revenue by rising non-farm actions.

b) The State of the Indian Well being System in constantly bettering since independence however the enchancment is unreasonably gradual. It has been a sufferer of a comparatively low public expenditure. As in comparison with different growing nations, the well being expenditure of India as a proportion of GDP could be very low (round 4.7% of the overall GDP within the 12 months 2014-15). Due to this fact, it’s important for the Indian Well being System to get a stronger dose of public expenditure to remedy itself.