Physicochemical characterization of TLNTs
TLNTs have been extracted from the juice of recent tea leaves by differential centrifugation and additional purified by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation. Pushed by the sucrose gradient, TLNTs have been largely current on the interface of 30/45% (Fig. 1A). The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and the atomic power microscopy (AFM) have been employed to detect the morphology of the purified TLNTs. As proven in Fig. 1B, C, these NTs offered exosome-like spherical particles with a median particle dimension of 70 nm. The additional dynamic gentle scattering (DLS) outcomes revealed that TLNTs had a hydrodynamic particle dimension of 166.9 nm, a uniform dimension distribution (PDI = 0.100) and a negatively charged floor (− 28.8 mV), as proven in Fig. 1D. The distinction amongst particle sizes decided by the TEM, AFM and DLS is likely to be ascribed to the phenomenon that TLNTs are totally dehydrated previous to making use of them for imaging, whereas they keep in extremely swollen and moist states throughout the DLS check.
Physicochemical and practical characterizations of TLNTs. A TLNTs within the sucrose gradients after ultracentrifugation. B TEM imaging (scale bar: 100 nm), C AFM imaging, D hydrodynamic particle dimension distribution, E lipid compositions, F protein abstract, G KEGG annotated statistical charts and H Go secondary classification statistical charts of TLNTs. I Flavonoids and J polyphenols in TLNTs. EGCG epigallocatechin gallate, ECG epicatechin gallate
The lipidomic evaluation implied that TLNTs have been primarily composed of phosphatidylcholine (PC, 40%), phosphatidylmethanol (Pme, 15%), phosphatidylethanol (Pet, 11%), triglyceride (TG, 11%), phosphatidic acid (PA, 7%), diacylglycerol (DG, 6%) and monogalactosyldiacyglycerol (MGMG, 4%) (Fig. 1E). All these molecules have been amphiphilic, and so they established the structural basis for stability of TLNTs. Moreover, protein compositions in TLNTs have been investigated through the use of liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry assays. It was discovered that 446 sorts of proteins have been current in TLNTs (Fig. 1F). The organic capabilities of those proteins have been analyzed through the use of the Gene Ontology (GO) database. We discovered that over 40 sorts of proteins associated to cancers, metabolic processes, immune illnesses and cell parts (Fig. 1G). Based on the GO database and Genes and Genomes (KEGG) Annotation Path Evaluation, TLNTs contained 11 sorts of proteins related to mobile processes, metabolic processes, cell elements and catalytic exercise (Fig. 1H).
Tea leaves are enriched with energetic small molecular constituents, corresponding to polyphenols and flavonoids, which possess the capability to affect on cell apoptosis, cell migration and immune responses [20,21,22]. Subsequently, we quantified the contents of the energetic small molecules in TLNTs by excessive efficiency liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). As offered in Fig. 1I, J, TLNTs contained giant quantities of the well-documented anti-tumor polyphenols and flavonoids, together with EGCG [23], vitexin-2-O-rhamnoside [24], vitexin [25], myricetin-3-O-rhamnoside [26], kaempferol-3-O-galactoside [27] and myricetin [28]. The outcomes related to the TLNT compositions collectively present a main basis for his or her utility in most cancers remedy.
In vitro mobile uptake and anti-tumor actions of TLNTs
Environment friendly cell internalization of NTs is a prerequisite for exerting anti-tumor results. The CLSM pictures revealed that the management cells (with out NT remedy) exhibited no inexperienced fluorescence indicators. Quite the opposite, after co-incubation for five h, virtually all of the cells confirmed apparent inexperienced indicators (TLNTs), which have been predominantly distributed within the cytoplasm (Further file 1: Fig. S1). Moreover, the mobile uptake efficiencies have been quantified by FCM. It was noticed that each mobile uptake percentages and imply fluorescence intensities (MFIs) of DiO-labeled TLNTs elevated over time (Further file 1: Fig. S2), and greater than 80% of cells internalized TLNTs after 5-h co-incubation. These observations show that TLNTs are preferentially internalized by 4T1 cells and primarily current within the cytoplasm.
Subsequently, the in vitro inhibitory results of TLNTs on the proliferations of varied tumor cell strains have been investigated by the MTT assay. After co-incubation with TLNTs, the viabilities of CT-26 cells, MCF-7 cells and 4T1 cells step by step decreased with the elevated TLNT concentrations and extended incubation (Fig. 2A). In the meantime, we calculated the half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of TLNTs to check the anti-proliferatory capacities of TLNTs (Further file 1: Desk S1). It was detected that after co-incubation for twenty-four h, the IC50 worth of TLNTs in opposition to CT-26 cells was 1.2 and 1.8-fold larger than these in opposition to MCF-7 cells and 4T1 cells, respectively, and strikingly, grew to become 2.5- and 220.8-fold larger, simply forty-eight hours after incubation. These findings clearly show that TLNTs have a stronger capability to suppress the proliferation of breast tumors (particularly for 4T1 cells) than that of colon tumors. Subsequently, TLNTs have been used to inhibit the expansion of breast tumor cells (4T1 cells). Subsequently, the pro-apoptotic properties of TLNTs in opposition to 4T1 cells have been assessed by FCM. As proven in Fig. 2B, the apoptotic proportion of the management cells (with out TLNT remedy) was 2.3%, whereas the apoptotic percentages of cells receiving the remedy of TLNTs for 4 and eight h elevated to 25.4% and 67.0%, respectively. It’s extensively believed that tumor metastasis is the principle explanation for demise, and its basic step is tumor cell migration [29]. As an affordable and extremely reproducible methodology, the cell scratch assay was carried out to find out the suppressive impact of TLNTs on tumor cell migration. As seen in further file 1: Fig. S3, the remedy of TLNTs considerably inhibited the migration of 4T1 cells, as compared with the management cells.
In vitro anti-tumor results of TLNTs. A Cytotoxicity of TLNTs in opposition to varied tumor cell strains after co-incubation with TLNTs at protein concentrations from 0.5 to 64 µg/mL for twenty-four and 48 h, respectively. Every level represents the imply ± S.E.M. (n = 5). B Professional-apoptotic properties of TLNTs after co-incubation with TLNTs for 4 and eight h, respectively. C CLSM pictures of 4T1 cells stained with DCFH-DA after co-incubation with TLNTs for 4 and eight h, respectively (scale bar: 50 μm). D ROS fluorescence depth of 4T1 cells after co-incubation with TLNTs for 4 and eight h, respectively. E Mitochondrial membrane potential adjustments in 4T1 cells (scale bar: 50 μm). F TLNTs restrained cell cycle development in 4T1 cells after co-incubation with TLNTs for 12 and 24 h, respectively. Populations of 4T1 cells in varied cell cycle phases have been decided by FCM. Every level represents the imply ± S.E.M. (n = 3; *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01). G Western blot evaluation of 4T1 cells receiving the remedy of TLNTs for 48 h. Cyclin A, cyclin B and cyclin D proteins have been probed. GAPDH was probed to make sure the equal loading of complete proteins in every lane
In vitro anti-tumor mechanism of TLNTs
Earlier research indicated that polyphenols and flavonoids may enhance oxidative stress in tumor cells [30, 31]. Accordingly, we decided the produced quantities of intracellular ROS within the TLNT-treated cells. It was noticed that after the TLNT remedy, inexperienced fluorescence indicators step by step elevated, and so they have been primarily current within the inside of your entire cells, together with nucleus (Fig. 2C, D). These observations suggest that enormous quantities of intracellular ROS are produced within the TLNT-treated cells, which could injury the basic substances concerned in life actions of tumor cells [32, 33]. Mitochondria play necessary roles in varied cell actions corresponding to power provide, metabolism and apoptosis [34]. To find out the injury impact of TLNTs on mitochondria, the mitochondrial membrane potential of the TLNT-treated 4T1 cells was evaluated utilizing a mitochondrial probe (JC-1). Determine 2E confirmed that the unfavorable management cells exhibited darkish yellow fluorescence indicators, indicating that these cells had largely intact mitochondrial membranes, whereas the constructive management cells and the TLNT-treated cells appeared inexperienced, which instructed their broken mitochondrial membranes, ensuing within the decreased mitochondrial membrane potential. In all, these outcomes show that TLNTs can effectively induce mitochondrial damages.
Moreover, we carried out PI staining to research whether or not TLNTs may induce cell cycle arrest. It was decided in Fig. 2F that the odds of the TLNT-treated 4T1 cells in G0/G1 section and S section remarkably elevated, and people in G2/M section drastically decreased. These outcomes indicated that the TLNT remedy may block DNA replication in tumor cells and finally trigger cell demise. The development of cell cycle is regulated by varied cycle proteins, together with Cyclin A, Cyclin B and Cyclin D. These three sorts of proteins are concerned in S/G2, G2/M and G1/S transitions of cell cycles, respectively. It was found that the intracellular quantities of Cyclin A, Cyclin B and Cyclin D have been drastically decreased with the remedy of TLNTs, and the decreased development was positively correlated with the remedy time (Fig. 2G), suggesting that TLNTs may inhibit cell cycle development by down-regulation of the vital cycle proteins.
In vivo bio-distribution of TLNTs
I.v. injection is a extensively used drug administration route within the preclinical remedy of varied cancers, whereas alternatively, oral administration is essentially the most preferable method for sufferers when it comes to security, noninvasiveness, passable compliance and cost-effectiveness [35]. As these two approaches possessed their very own deserves, we comparatively investigated the in vivo bio-distribution profiles of TLNTs by way of i.v. injection and oral administration. Initially, TLNTs have been labeled with a DiR, administrated to mice bearing 4T1 tumors and processed by the IVIS spectrum imaging system. To find out whether or not fluorescence dye may stay within the TLNTs throughout the passage by the acidic abdomen, we investigated its launch profile from TLNTs. It was discovered that lower than 20% of fluorescence dye was launched from TLNTs after 6-h incubation within the abdomen stimulating resolution (pH 2.5) (Further file 1: Fig. S4). As proven in Fig. 3A, TLNTs step by step accrued within the tumors regardless of drug administration approaches. We additional discovered that the strongest fluorescence depth of tumors after i.v. injection and oral route was readily discovered on the time level of 24 and 48 h, respectively (Further file 1: Fig. S5). However, the maximal fluorescence indicators have been current within the small gut on the time level of 6 h for each administration routes, after which these indicators tended to fade away.
In vivo bio-distribution profiles of TLNTs. A Fluorescence pictures of tumors, 5 main organs (coronary heart, liver, spleen, lung and kidney) and the GIT from breast tumor-bearing mice receiving the remedy of DiR-TLNTs by way of i.v. injection and oral administration at completely different time factors (6, 12, 24 and 48 h). B Distribution profiles of TLNTs in several sections of the GIT following oral administration of DiO-labeled TLNTs for six h (scale bar: 100 µm)
To make clear the adsorption websites of TLNTs within the GIT after oral administration, mice have been gavaged with DiO-labeled TLNTs (3 mg protein/kg mice), and their GITs have been excised, sectioned and stained with DAPI. As visualized in Fig. 3B, there have been a number of inexperienced fluorescence indicators within the mucosa of stomachs, ceca and colons, which appeared within the floor layer of the duodenum mucosa. It was value noting that robust inexperienced indicators suffused the mucosa of the jejunum and ileum, demonstrating that TLNTs is likely to be adsorbed into the circulatory system by these two sections of the GIT (jejunum and ileum).
In vivo anti-breast tumor impact of TLNTs
There’s rising proof that the intestinal microbiota performs a vital position within the initiation and improvement of varied illnesses [9, 10, 36]. We employed ATBs to research whether or not the intestinal microbiota exerted impacts on the therapeutic outcomes of oral nanomedicines in opposition to breast most cancers. Mice bearing subcutaneous breast tumors have been established and divided into 7 teams, particularly the management group, the TLNT (i.v., low)-treated group, the TLNT (i.v., excessive)-treated group, the TLNT (i.v., excessive, ATB)-treated group, the TLNT (oral, low)-treated group, the TLNT (oral, excessive)-treated group and the TLNT (oral, excessive, ATB)-treated group.
Physique weights and tumor volumes of varied mouse teams have been recorded throughout the remedy with TLNTs. Determine 4A confirmed that there was no obvious distinction detected in physique weights among the many management group and the remedy teams, and all of the mice didn’t exhibit any abnormalities throughout your entire remedy interval. In contrast with the management group, the imply tumor volumes have been 1.1- and a pair of.6-fold smaller for the TLNT (i.v.)-treated group and 1.8- and a pair of.2-fold smaller for the TLNT (oral)-treated group, at a 1.5 and three mg/kg protein dose, respectively, on day 15 (Fig. 4B), that are consistent with morphological adjustments in tumor weights and sizes (Fig. 4C, D). In the meantime, we discovered that the anti-breast tumor impact of TLNTs (i.v. or oral) drastically decreased after the remedy of broad-spectrum ATBs. It was value noting that the management group confirmed negligible variations in spleen weights in contrast with the TLNT-treated teams, besides the TLNT (oral, excessive)-treated group (Fig. 4E). The spleen weight variation is a results of systemic inflammatory responses [37], and the irritation is related to the event of tumorgenesis [38]. Subsequently, the robust anti-tumor outcomes of the TLNT (oral, excessive)-treated group may contribute to the capability of TLNTs to alleviate the inflammatory responses. These outcomes collectively show that the TLNT (oral, excessive)-treated group reveals comparable anti-tumor results because the TLNT (i.v., excessive)-treated group.
In vivo anti-breast tumor results of TLNTs. A Physique weight variations and B tumor progress curves of various mouse teams with varied remedies throughout the entire experimental interval. C Tumor weights, D consultant tumor pictures and E spleen weights of various mouse teams with varied remedies on the finish of the experiment. Every level represents the imply ± S.E.M. (n = 5; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 and ns no significance). F H&E- and TUNEL-stained tumor sections exhibiting pathological adjustments and apoptosis profiles (scale bar: 100 μm)
Subsequent, we carried out a histological assay to guage the proliferation profiles of tumor cells. As proven in Fig. 4F, H&E staining pictures implied that the TLNT remedy induced apparent decreases within the tumor cell quantities within the tumor tissues sections. Furthermore, TUNEL staining outcomes indicated that apparent purple fluorescence indicators have been proven in all teams receiving the remedy of TLNTs, significantly within the TLNT (i.v., excessive)-treated group and the TLNT (oral, excessive)-treated group, whereas there was the opposite method round within the management group (Further file 1: Fig. S6). These findings reveal that the remedy of TLNTs with excessive dosages apparently has a stronger functionality to trigger the apoptosis and retard the expansion of tumor cells whatever the administration approaches (i.v. injection and oral administration).
To unravel the tumor inhibition mechanism of TLNTs, the transcriptome evaluation of tumor tissues was performed with help from the Majorbio Firm. As offered in Fig. 5A, B, as compared with the management group, 329 up-regulated genes and 203 down-regulated genes have been recognized within the TLNT (i.v., excessive)-treated group, and 367 up-regulated genes and 691 down-regulated genes have been recognized (fold change ≥ 2 and p < 0.05) within the TLNT (oral, excessive)-treated group, respectively. The Venn diagram (Fig. 5C) indicated that the management group shared the same expression of 12,998 genes with the TLNT (i.v., excessive)-treated group and 12,606 genes with the TLNT (oral, excessive)-treated group. We additionally discovered that 538, 251 and 98 genes have been solely expressed within the management group, the TLNT (i.v., excessive)-treated group and the TLNT (oral, excessive)-treated group, respectively. Apparently, principal element evaluation (PCA) revealed that genes have been differentially expressed within the management group, the TLNT (i.v., excessive)-treated group and the TLNT (oral, excessive)-treated group, respectively (Further file 1: Fig. S7). Our outcomes additionally revealed that tumoricidal motion genes associated to anti-tumor immune responses have been up-regulated in tumor tissues within the TLNT-treated teams (Fig. 5D). Different mark genes included NOS2, CCL4, CXCL9, and IL-10. The NOS2-encoded inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) that mediated the tumoricidal exercise and produced excessive output nitric oxide have been clearly upregulated within the TLNT-treated teams [39]. Likewise, the upregulated CCL4 and CXCL9 genes may suppress tumors by actively recruiting CD8+ T cells [40] and regulating immune cell migration, differentiation and activation, correspondingly [41], whereas IL-10 may exhibit anti-tumor exercise by enhancing NK cell exercise [42].
Transcriptome evaluation of tumors from varied mouse teams. A Volcano plot of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the management group and the LTNT (i.v., excessive)-treated group. B Volcano plot of DEGs between the management group and the LTNT (oral, excessive)-treated group. C Venn diagram exhibiting overlapped genes among the many management group, the LTNT (i.v., excessive)-treated group and the LTNT (oral, excessive)-treated group. D Heatmap exhibiting considerably up-regulated and down-regulated genes within the tumors from mouse teams receiving varied remedies (fold change ≥ 2 and p < 0.05). E Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment evaluation for genes within the brown module. The colour represents the adjusted p-values, and the sizes of the spots characterize the gene numbers. (F) KEGG pathway evaluation for cell apoptosis-associated genes (n = 3)
To additional examine the organic capabilities of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), we carried out GO evaluation by querying every DEG in tumors from completely different mouse teams in opposition to the GO database, resulting in the highest 20 GO enrichment phrases of DEGs. It was discovered that the responses to manage cell proliferation occupied the strongest enrichment diploma, because it possessed the biggest quantity and was additionally concerned within the regulation of a cell cycle (Fig. 5E), indicating that TLNTs primarily exerted their anti-tumor operate by the interferences of cell cycle and cell proliferation. As reported, polyphenols and flavonoids have growth-inhibiting results on a wide range of tumor cells [43], which is per our outcomes (Fig. 4B, C). The Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway evaluation mirrored that TLNTs exerted anti-proliferation and pro-apoptosis in opposition to breast tumor cells primarily by the mobile sign pathways associated to the cytokine-cytokine receptor interplay, JAK-STAT and cell cycle (Fig. 5F).
Accumulating proof demonstrates that the intestinal microbiota performs a vital position within the improvement, metastasis and remedy responses of varied tumors [44]. Thus, we investigated whether or not TLNTs may have an effect on the homeostasis of the intestinal microbiota. As proven in Fig. 6A, the α-diversity Simpson index mirrored the improved variety of the intestinal microbiota with the remedies of TLNTs (i.v., excessive and oral, excessive). Moreover, principal coordinates evaluation (PCoA) instructed that there have been dramatic alterations within the microbiome of the tumor management group, as compared with that of the wholesome management group (Fig. 6B). Furthermore, Venn diagrams confirmed that 55, 29, 19 and 17 distinctive operational taxonomic items (OTUs) have been discovered within the wholesome management group, the tumor management group, the TLNT (i.v., excessive)-treated group and the TLNT (oral, excessive)-treated group, respectively (Fig. 6C). It was additionally discovered that mice bearing breast tumors had elevated OUT numbers of their intestinal microbiota in contrast with the wholesome management group (Fig. 6D). To additional decide how the TLNT remedies to affect intestine microbiota, we analyzed their compositions on the genus stage. Determine 6E confirmed will increase within the abundance of the overall fecal micro organism for all of the TLNT-treated mice. On the phylum stage, the statistically vital larger Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratios have been detected within the TLNT-treated group, in contrast with the tumor management group (Fig. 6F).
Analysis of transforming results of TLNTs on the intestinal microbiota. A α-Diversities have been offered by field plots of the Simpson indexes. B Principal coordinates evaluation (PCoA) of the intestinal microbiota. C Venn diagram of frequent and distinctive bacterial species of mice in every group. (D) Complete numbers of microbial species in every group on the OUT stage. E Relative abundance of intestinal microbiome. Genus-level taxonomy is offered as the proportion of complete sequences. F Microbial compositions of varied mouse teams on the phylum stage. G–J Relative abundance of useful micro organism and dangerous micro organism in every group. Every level represents the imply ± S.E.M. (n = 3; *p < 0.05)
In the meantime, we discovered that the abundance of the everyday useful micro organism and dangerous micro organism different. Particularly, Alistipes, a possible pathogen, contributed to tumor pathogenesis [45], and its relative abundance drastically decreased within the TLNT (i.v., excessive)-treated group and the TLNT (oral, excessive)-treated group, relative to the tumor management group (Fig. 6G). It’s documented that Oscillibacter has the capability to raise the degrees of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-1β and IL-6), which contribute to the development of breast tumors [46]. We discovered that Oscillibacter was enriched within the tumor management group, whereas their abundance was considerably decreased within the teams receiving the remedy of TLNTs (i.v., excessive) and TLNTs (oral, excessive) (Fig. 6H). Subsequent, in contrast with the wholesome management group, the tumor management group had the elevated abundance of Desulfovibrio, which was reported to be a cancer-risk genus and will amplify the irritation and cardiometabolic dangers for sufferers with breast most cancers [47] (Fig. 6I). Moreover, it was found that the remedies of TLNTs (i.v., excessive and oral, excessive) clearly elevated the abundance of the useful micro organism, Alloprevotella (Fig. 6J) [48]. The above findings clearly suggest that TLNTs are liable to modulate the intestinal microbiota by growing the abundance of useful micro organism and reducing the abundance of dangerous micro organism, that are per our earlier research concerning the utility of tea flower-derived NTs within the remedy of breast most cancers by way of oral route [9]. Apparently, the remedy of ATBs was discovered to considerably attenuate the tumor retardation results of orally administered TLNTs (Fig. 4). It was reported that intestinal microbiome was important for the activation of anti-tumor immune responses [49]. The weak anti-tumor exercise of TLNTs (oral, excessive, ATB) implies that the abundance and variety of intestinal microbiota are essential for potentiating the anti-tumor immunity and additional facilitate TLNTs to exert their anti-tumor exercise after oral administration.
In vivo biosafety analysis of TLTNs
In vivo biosafety of nanomedicines is a vital prerequisite for his or her medical translation [50] and thus was evaluated. After 4 doses of TLNTs, mouse physique weights and organ indexes have been recorded. The outcomes indicated that no vital distinction was discovered between the wholesome management group and the TLNT (oral, excessive)-treated teams throughout your entire experimental interval. Strikingly, we visualized that the TLNT (i.v., excessive)-treated group confirmed a lower in physique weights (Fig. 7A) and will increase in liver indexes and spleen indexes (Fig. 7B), in contrast with the wholesome management group. Though the remedy of TLNTs (i.v., excessive) didn’t affect the secreted quantities of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-12), this remedy method resulted within the elevated concentrations of the everyday inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α) and complement 3, which have been clearly larger than these of the wholesome management group (Fig. 7C, D).
In vivo biosafety analysis of TLNTs after i.v. injection and oral administration. A Physique weight variations, B organ indices, C pro-inflammatory cytokine ranges of varied mouse teams. The concentrations of D Complement C3, E ALT, F AST, G BUN and H CRE in plasma from mice receiving the remedy of TLNTs by way of i.v. and oral routes. Every level represents the imply ± S.E.M. (n = 3; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001)
However, we investigated the blood compatibility of TLNTs by a hemolysis assay. It was noticed that these TLNTs couldn’t end in hemolysis (Further file 1: Fig. S8). Furthermore, we evaluated the potential toxicity of TLNTs in opposition to the liver and spleen by a number of key indicators, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), two main indicators of the liver operate, in addition to urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (CRE), serological indices of the kidney operate. We discovered that the liver and the kidney functioned usually after oral administration of TLNTs, whereas within the TLNT (i.v., excessive)-treated group, their hepatorenal operate have been seen irregular (Fig. 7E–H). These outcomes show that TLNTs are, though weak at inducing hemolysis, able to stimulating the immune system, producing hepatorenal toxicity and altering the hemogram after i.v. injection, suggesting that i.v. route won’t be an applicable method for administrating plant-derived NTs. Nonetheless, the systemic cytotoxicities of intravenously injected plant-derived NTs haven’t been totally elucidated in earlier stories [51,52,53,54]. Within the context of the TLNT (oral, excessive)-treated group, they confirmed no apparent variations when it comes to physique weights, organ indexes, hepatorenal toxicity and complement system activation in contrast with the wholesome management group. These outcomes show that the plant-derived NTs will be developed as a protected nanoplatform for the remedy of breast cacer by way of oral administration, slightly than i.v. injection.
